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Bătălia de la Apatiu (septembrie 1437) - Enciclopedia României - prima enciclopedie online despre România

Bătălia de la Apatiu (septembrie 1437)

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Bătălia de la Apatiu (septembrie 1437). Luptă din cadrul răscoalei de la Bobâlna, a ţărănimii transilvănene împotriva marii nobilimi maghiare, aliate cu fruntaşii saşilor şi secuilor, sprijiniţi de voievodul Transilvaniei, Ladislau Csáki (1426 – 1435, 1436 – 1437), şi regele Ungariei, Albert de Habsburg (1437 – 1439).

După victoria de la Bobâlna, fruntaşii celor trei stări privilegiate – maghiarii, saşii şi secuii – , s-au întâlnit la Căpâlna (16 septembrie 1437) unde au creat fraterna unio („uniunea frăţească”), cunoscută ulterior sub denumirea Unio trium nationum („Unirea celor trei naţiuni”). Obiectivul imediat al uniunii era atragerea micii nobilimi, dezbinând astfel oastea de la Bobâlna şi, bineînţeles, înfrângerea răscoalei.

Neputându-se aproviziona corespunzător, răsculaţii au pornit, prin valea Olpretului, spre Dej, Ocna Dejului şi, înaintând pe valea Someşului Mic, spre Cluj. În apropiere de Gherla, la Apatiu (jud. Bistriţa-Năsăud), erau aşteptaţi de oastea nobiliară. Aici, la sfârşitul lunii septembrie, are loc ciocnirea dintre cele două părţi, încheiată indecis, dar slăbind mult pe ţăranii răsculaţi.

Conducătorii acestora Anton Magnus din Buda (Cluj), Mihai Olahul din Floreşti (Bistriţa), Toma Magnus din Sic, Ioan Meşterul din Cluj şi Pavel Magnus, vexillifer universitatis regnicolarum Hungarorum et Valachorum („stegar al comunităţii locuitorilor unguri şi români”) ş.a., au participat la întâlnirea de la Apatiu, încheiată cu parafarea unei noi înţelegeri (6 octombrie 1437). Redactată la Cluj-Mănăştur (10 octombrie 1437), ca şi precedenta, era destul de dură: plata unui florin pe an statului, obligaţia de a participa la oaste, menţinerea robotei la o zi pe an, îngrădirea dreptului de strămutare etc. Astfel se revenise la situaţia anterioară înţelegerii din 6 iulie. Răsculaţii s-au adăpostit în Cluj, aşteptând venirea primăverii pentru reînceperea ostilităţilor.

Bibliografie selectivă

  • George Marcu (coord.), Enciclopedia bătăliilor din istoria românilor, Editura Meronia, Bucureşti, 2011