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Ban (dregător) - Enciclopedia României - prima enciclopedie online despre România

Ban (dregător)

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Banul era un dregător din perioada evului mediu, care avea în sarcină administrarea Olteniei. Iniţial a fost un dregător maghiar care conducea o regiune de graniţă în secolul al XII-lea. După ce Severinul a intrat în componenţa Ţării Româneşti, dregătorului acestei cetăţi i s-a dat titlul de ban. Acesta apare pentru prima dată în Sfatul domnesc din timpul lui Mircea cel Bătrân (la 27 decembrie 1391). În Moldova dregătoria de mare ban a fost înfiinţată în 1695 de Constantin Duca.

Banul a devenit ulterior un fel de guvernator al Olteniei. Existau astfel un ban al Severinului, al Craiovei şi un mare ban al Olteniei. În perioada 1421-1486, cât Severinul a fost pierdut, a existat câte un ban pentru judeţul Gorj, cu reşedinţa la Tismana şi un altul pentru Mehedinţi, cu reşedinţa la Strehaia. Această bănie de Mehedinţi a căpătat importanţă prin ocuparea ei de Neagoe, care a reuşit să o transmită fiului său Barbu, ca dregătorie de familie a Craioveştilor. Sub domnia lui Vlad Călugărul, reşedinţa băniei de Mehedinţi a fost mutată la Craiova, apoi radul cel Mare a transformat-o în mare bănie, în timp ce băniile de Mehedinţi şi Gorj au trecut în subordonarea ei.

Importanţa marii bănii a atins apogeul în timpul domniei lui Neagoe Basarab (1512 – 1521), iar familia care s-a impus la conducerea ei a fost familia Craioveştilor, care i-a dat şi caracterul ereditar. Din 1539, după răzvrătirea marelui ban Şerban, bănia a fost luată din mâna Craioveştilor. De atunci domnul a început să numească şi să-i revoce pe marii bani, în ciuda veleităţilor autonomiste ale boierimii oltene.

Începând cu 1761, banul a fost reţinut la Bucureşti ca sfetnic al domnitorului şi înlocuit la Craiova cu un caimacam. Bănia a fost desfiinţată în 1831 prin Regulamentele Organice.

Bibliografie

  • Academia Republicii Populare Române, Dicţionar Enciclopedic Român, Editura Politică, Bucureşti, 1962-1964
  • Sachelarie, Ovid; Stoicescu, Nicolae (coord.), Instituţii feudale din ţările române. Dicţionar, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucureşti, 1988